In order to organize successful interaction and identification of tanks during their operation, special tactical numbers and conventional signs were applied to them, which contained information about the belonging of the combat vehicle to the corresponding unit. The procedure for applying, as well as the type of number and conventional sign, was determined, as with other armies, by the corresponding article in the Combat Regulations of the armored forces of the Red Army,
The early 1920s were the dawn of the organization of armored units of the Red Army. At that time, the soviet armored vehicles were mostly from foreign origin. Regarding tactical or national signs, there was no rule. They sometimes wore proper names, common names, nothing, and they were sometimes marked with a red star with a white border (or without it) and sometimes the inscription above it « Р.С.Ф.С.Р. ». On the red star, elements of state symbols were sometimes applied – a crossed sickle and hammer or a sickle and plow. In the mid-20s, a system of tactical designation of vehicles with the application of a number and a conventional sign was introduced in the armored units of the Red Army. Their application and type rules were determined by the Temporary Regulations of the armored forces of the Red Army, approved in 1925 and valid until 1929. Since the organization of armored units was supposed to be the battalion, the designation of vehicles made it possible to determine their affiliation with a platoon, company and battalion.
The 1925-1929 tactical signs :
In 1925-1929, the tactical signs were all inside an equilateral triangle (with a side of 30 cm) with an inscribed in it circle, in which a square was inscribed. In the middle of the square a Roman number (from I to III) was applied, indicating the number of the tank in the platoon. The square was a conventional sign for designating a platoon, the circle for a company, the triangle for a battalion. The numbers of platoons, companies and battalions were determined by the color of the corresponding geometric figure: red for the first, white for the second, black for the third. The vehicles of company commanders did not have a number or a square inscribed in a circle. If the colors of neighboring sections coincided, for example fist platoon (red) of the first company (red) of the first battalion (red), dividing lines were allowed to be drawn. On spare tanks in a battalion, only a thin outline triangle was applied, having a color corresponding to the battalion number. Conventional numbering signs were located in three places on the vehicles, from where they were visible to the nearest adjacent machines. As a rule, these were: the hull side, the front and rear parts of the turret.
Triangle : Battalion
Circle : Company
Square : Platoon
1st : red – 2nd : white – 3rd : black
The 1929-1932 tactical signs :
In 1929, after the adoption of the Combat Regulations of the RKKA, the tactical signs system underwent changes that remained in effect until 1932. As a result of the changes introduced, the battalion symbol became a circle (ring) 30 cm in diameter and 5 cm wide, located on the right and left sides of the vehicle hull. The vehicles of the first battalion had a red ring, the second a white one, and the third a yellow one. A white horizontal line divided the inside of the ring in two. Above was the Company number designated by Arabic numerals painted in white, below was the Platoon number designated by Arabic numerals painted in white. The tanks inside the platoon were designated by Arabic numbers 1, 2, 3 in white, same size of the circle, placed 10 cm
to the left or to the right of it.
Color of the Battalion ring :
1st battalion : red
2nd Battalion : white
3rd Battalion : yellow
The 1932-1938 tactical signs :
In 1932-1938, a different system was in effect introduced by the new combat Regulations for the Armored Forces, adopted in 1932. In fact, since 1932, the Soviet armored forces began to develop rapidly, 2 mechanized Corps, 5 separate mechanized Brigades, 2 tank Regiments, 4 mechanized cavalry Divisions, 15 tank and 65 tankettes Battalions for rifle Divisions were formed and made the old system obsolete. In 1927, there were 90 tanks and 1050 vehicles, in 1935 there were more than 8000 tanks and more than 35000 vehicles. Moreover, despite its harmony and apparent simplicity, it was difficult for the human eye of an infantryman interacting with tanks and poorly acquainted with tactical designations to identify rapidly the vehicle, and this was an unaffordable luxury in combat conditions. The new tactical designations were a combination of a continuous colored stripe along the perimeter of the turret or hull for the Battalion, a dotted colored stripe (below) for the Company, a colored square on the sides of the vehicle hull (for small tanks on the sides of the turret) for the Platoon. Arabic numerals (from 1 to 3) were inscribed in black paint in the square, indicating the position of the tank in the platoon. The numbers of platoons, companies and battalions were determined by the color of the corresponding geometric figures: red for the first, white for the second, black for the third, light blue for the fourth, yellow for the fifth. In some cases, only continuous or only broken lines were applied to the turrets of tanks and armored cars, indicating only the battalion numbers or only the company numbers, respectively. During parades, the squares indicating the platoon number and the numbers in it indicating the tank number in the platoon were usually painted white. In this case, the number in the square indicated the rank in the formation of the parade. It was applied sometimes on all the vehicles of the rank, sometimes only on the exterior vehicles of the rank.
In addition to the general tactical designations, the Ukrainian and Kyiv military districts, in the 30s, had their own tactical registration markings in the form of a yellow rectangle on the left side of the tank’s turret or tankette’s cabin on which a four-digit number consisting of two pairs of digits was painted in black.
In addition to applying special tactical numbers and conventional signs during maneuvers in the pre-war years, additional identification marks were applied to the vehicles of the opposing sides in the form of white vertical stripes across the entire height of the turret or a white circle on its rear. Vertical, more wide stripes were applied on the turrets of the simulated enemy tanks during the exercises of the Belorussian Military District in the fall of 1936, the Leningrad Military District in the fall of 1937. During the maneuvers of the Kyiv District in 1935, the upper half of the turret was painted white, and in the Moscow Military District in 1937, red or black stripes were used along the perimeter and a white circle on the back of the turret. Squares, crosses or longitudinal or transverse stripes were also applied on the roofs to determine friends or foes.
Colors of the geometric figures :
First units (Battalion or Company or Platoon) : red
Second units (Battalion or Company or Platoon) : white
Third units (Battalion or Company or Platoon) : black
Fourth units (Battalion or Company or Platoon) : light blue
Fifth units (Battalion or Company or Platoon) : yellow
The tactical signs after 1938 :
In 1938, the entire system of tactical designations was abolished due to its low information content and difficulties in recognition at large distances. The problem was that no other system replaced it, therefore armored vehicles continued to use the old system with some modifications, for example, the armored vehicles of the motorized brigades used only the battalion continuous stripe on the turret, on some other units, three digit numbers were applied. More and more vehicles produced after 1938 wore simply no markings at all. Finaly, it should be noted that during the period of existence of the armored forces of the Red Army, naming the vehicles with proper names, common names or popular names remained as well as the red star, it was applied without edging on the turrets of most but not all tanks and armored vehicles. The size of the star in diameter did never exceed 30 cm.